Bouyant force:
Pressure at depth in fluid:
Pressure in a hydraulic cylinder:
laminar flow
- a type of fluid flow where a liquid or gas moves in parallel layers, without mixing or disruption between the layers
- “streamlined”
- molecules move together, no big/changing gaps
turbulent flow - little vortices
- speed of fluid / magnitude & direction is constantly changing
continuity equation (relates cross sectional area to velocity at different points)
for non-compressible fluid:
for compressible fluid
volume flow rate
viscosity
- velocity of fluid near edges of pipe will be much slower than in middle of pipe
flow rate
- integral over area
mass flow rate:
Burnoulli’s equation